1616

Centuries:	16th century - 17th century - 18th century
Decades:	1580s  1590s  1600s  - 1610s -  1620s  1630s  1640s
Years:	1613 1614 1615 - 1616 - 1617 1618 1619

1616 in topic:

Subjects:     Archaeology - Architecture -

Art - Literature - Music - Science

Leaders:   State leaders - Colonial governors

Category: Establishments - Disestablishments

Births - Deaths - Works v • d • e

Year (MDCXVI) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Monday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar).

Contents 1 Events of 1616 1.1 January - June 1.2 July - December 1.3 Undated 2 Ongoing 2.1 Wars 2.2 Social Unrest 2.3 Exploration and Colonization 2.4 Climate 2.5 Religion 3 Births 4 Deaths 5 References 6 Further reading

Events of 1616

January - June

• January - The Dutch try to gain control of all the nutmeg-producing spice islands with the retreat of the English from Ai to Pula Run Island. Nutmeg at this time was more valuable than gold, and the English, lead by Nathaniel Courthope, held on to Run.Giles Milton. 1999. Nathaniel\'s Nutmeg: Or the True and Incredible Adventures of the Spice Trader Who Changed the Course of History. ISBN-13: 9780374219369.
• January - António Vieira arrives, with his parents, in Bahia (present-day Salvador) in colonial Brazil, surely an unpromising beginning for his great career as a diplomat, noted author, leading figure of the Church, and protector of Brazilian Indians in an age of intolerance.
• January - Officials in Württemberg charged astronomer Johannes Kepler with practicing "forbidden arts," that is, witchcraft. His mother had also been so charged and spent 14 months in prison.
• January 1 - James I, theater-going and literary absolutist king of England, attends the masque, "The Golden Age Restored," a satire by Ben Jonson on fallen court favorite Somerset. The king asks for a repeat preformance on January 6.
• January 3–In the court of James I, king\'s favorite George Villiers becomes Master of the Horse, on April 24 he receives the Order of the Garter, and on August 27 is created Viscount Villiers and Baron Waddon, receiving a grant of land valued at £80,000. In 1617, he is made Earl of Buckingham. With the exception of the Earl of Pembroke he was the richest nobleman in England.
• January 10 - Sir Thomas Roe, emissary from the court of King James I of England, presented his credentials to the Mughal Emperor Jahangir, in Ajmer Fort, thus opening the door to the British presence in India.Jehângïr\'s period of stay at Ajmer was from 5 Shawwäl 1022 to 1 Zil-qä\'da 1025 equivalent to November 8, 1613 to October 31, 1616. Roe sailed in the Lyon under the command of captain Christopher Newport, best known for his role in the Virginia colonies.
• January 12 - The city of Belém, Brazil is founded on the Amazon River delta by the Portuguese captain Francisco Caldeiras de Castelo Branco, who had previously taken the city of São Luís in Maranhão from the French.
• January 15 - After overwintering with the Huron Indians, Samuel de Champlain and Recollect Father Joseph Le Caron visit the Petun and Ottawa Indians of the Great Lakes. This was Champlain\'s last trip in North America before returning to France. Having secured Canada, he helped create French America, New France, or L\'Acadie.
• January 24 - Dutch captain Willem Schouten rounds the southern tip of South America and names it Cape Horn, after his birthplace in the Netherlands.
• February 24 - A commission of Roman Catholic theologians, the "Qualifiers," reports that the idea that the Sun is stationary is "foolish and absurd in philosophy, and formally heretical since it explicitly contradicts in many places the sense of Holy Scripture...".
• February - English merchants of the East India Company complain: The great troubles and wars in Japan since their arrival have put them to much pains and charges. Two great cities, Osaka and Sakaii, have been burned to the ground, each one almost as big as London, and not one house left standing, and it is reported above 300,000 men have lost their lives, “yet the old Emperor Ogusho Same hath prevailed and Fidaia Same either slain or fled secretly away, that no news is to be heard of him.” Jesuits, priests, and friars banished by the emperor and their churches and monasteries pulled down; they put the fault on the arrival of the English; it is said if Fidaia Same had prevailed against the emperor, he promised them entrance again, when without doubt all the English would have been driven out of Japan.Text from: \'East Indies: February 1616\', Calendar of State Papers Colonial, East Indies, China and Japan: 1513-1616, volume 2 (1864), pp. 457-461. URL: http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=68785. Date accessed: 01 March 2008. (No copyright violation.)
• February 19 - First recorded eruption of Mayon Volcano, the Philippines\' most active volcano.Smithsonian Institution. Global Volcanism Program. URL: http://www.volcano.si.edu/ accessed on 12.03.2008. Event dated with reference to historical documents.
• March - Nicolaus Copernicus\' De revolutionibus is placed on the Index of Forbidden Books by the Congregation of the Index of the Roman Catholic Church.
• March - Action of 1616 was a naval battle that took place at La Goulette, Tunisia and was a victory for a Spanish squadron under Francisco de Ribera over a Tunisian fleet.
• March 11 - English Roman Catholic priest, the Venerable Thomas Atkinson (born c.1546) was hanged, drawn, and quartered at York, at age 70. He was beatified by Pope John Paul II on November 22, 1987.
• March 19 - Sir Walter Raleigh, English explorer of the New World, was released from prison in the Tower of London in order to conduct a second, ill-fated expedition in search of El Dorado in South America.
• March 11 - Galileo Galilei meets Pope Paul V in person, to discuss his position.
• May - The Thomas Overbury Murder Scandal (1615-1616) ends with conviction of Earl and Countess of Somerset, who were, however, not hanged but imprisoned until 1622 in the Tower of London. Although King James I had ordered the investigation of the poet\'s murder and allowed his former court favorite to be arested and tried, his court, now under the influence of the Earl of Buckingham (George Villiers) gained the reputation of corrupt and vile. The royal visit of James\'s brother-in-law Christian IV, king of Denmark, a notorious soak, added further scandal.
• May - Christopher Marlowe did not learn until May that his old friend Cervantes was dead of diabetes in Madrid. (Cervantes and Marlowe were both in Valladolid in May 1605, during the Spanish-English peace-party.) 1616 was trying a time for Marlowe, who was unpardoned by King James I until the very end of the year.
• May 3 - The Treaty of Loudun is signed, ending a series of rebellions in France.
• June 12 - Pocahontas (now Rebecca) arrives in England, with her husband, John Rolfe, their baby son, Thomas Rolfe, her sister Matachanna and brother-in-law "Tomocomo," the shaman Uttmatomakkin. Ten Powhatan Indians were brought by Sir Thomas Dale, the colonial governor, at the request of the Virginia Company, as a fund-raising stunt. Dale, having been recalled under criticism, writes A True Relation of the State of Virginia, Left by Sir Thomas Dale, Knight, in May last, 1616 in a successful effort to redeem his leadership. Neither Pocahontas or Dale see Virginia again.

July - December

• July 6 - First recorded eruption of Manam Volcano. Papua New Guinea’s Manam Volcano has erupted frequently since then. It forms a 10 km wide island in the Bismarck Sea some 13 km from the coast of Papua New Guinea, in the southwestern part of the Pacific Ring of Fire where the Pacific Plate is subducted below the Indo-Australian Plate.Smithsonian Institution. Global Volcanism Program. URL: http://www.volcano.si.edu/ accessed on 12.03.2008. Event dated with reference to historical documents.
• July 20 - Hugh O\'Neill, 2nd Earl of Tyrone, dies in Rome, thus concluding the Flight of the Earls from Ireland.
• August 8 - Tokugawa shogunate (Bakufu) in Japan forbids foreigners other than Chinese from traveling freely or trading outside of the ports of Nagasaki and Hirado.Arano, Yasunori. "The Formation of a Japanocentric World Order."

International Journal of Asian Studies 2:2 (2005). p201.

• September - Sakazaki Naomori of Ishimi Tsuwano han fails to kidnap Princess Sen and commits suicide.
• September 15 - The first non-aristocratic, free public school in Europe is opened in Frascati, Italy.
• October 25 - Dirk Hartog makes the second recorded landfall by a European on Australian soil, at an island off the Western Australian coast. The pewter Hartog Plate left on Dirk Hartog Island to mark the landfall of the Dutch ship Eendracht is now in the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam, Netherlands.
• November - Famous, if still inaccurate, folio edition of Ben Jonson\'s "Workes" is finally published between 6 and 25 November.Bland, M. ‘William Stansby and the production of the Workes of Beniamin Jonson, 1615–16’, The Library, 20, 1998, 10.
• November - Peter Paul Rubens began work on his famous classical tapestries when a contract was signed in Antwerp with cloth dyers Jan Raes and Frans Sweerts in Brussels and the rich Genoese merchant Franco Cattaneo.
• November - Rene Descartes, at 20 years of age, was graduated in civil and canon law at the University of Poitiers, where he became disillusioned with books, preferring to seek truths from "le grand livre du monde." His defense of thesis may have been in December 1616.
• November - With small profits to show, the Virginia Company decided to distribute land in Virginia to stockholders according to the number of shares owned. Each stockholder could set up a "particular" plantation and pay associated expenses, receiving 100 acres of land for each share and 50 acres for each person transported, the "headrights" system.
• November - Author Richard Burton is made vicar of St. Thomas in the west suburbs of London.
• November 4 - Investiture of Charles I (15 year-old second son of James I and Anne of Denmark) as Prince of Wales at Whitehall in London, the last such investiture until 1911.
• November 5 - Bishop Lancelot Andrewes preached the annual Gunpowder Treason sermon before King James I at Whitehall. Both were intended victims.
• November 6 - Captain William Murray is granted a royal patent giving him the sole privilege of importing tobacco to Scotland for a period of 21 years. Continuing from the reign of Elizabeth I, the creation of grants and patents reached a new highwater mark in 1614 to 1621, during the reigh of James I.
• November 16 - Roman Catholic Archbishop of the See of Spalato and Primate of Dalmatia, Marco Antonio de Dominis, having run afoul of Pope Paul V over secular matters relating to Venice, submits to King James I of England and later becomes Dean of Windsor.
• November 30 - Cardinal Richelieu, Armand-Jean du Plessis, was named French Secretary of State by young king Louis XIII. Richelieu would change France into a unified nation able to resist both England and the Hapsburg Empire and not under papal control.
• December - Traveller in the Middle East Pietro Della Valle marries Jowaya, daughter of Nestorian Catholic father and an Armenian mother, in Baghdad. The couple then sets off (1617) to find the Shah in Isfahan.
• December 10 - Ordinance for establishment of parish schools in Scotland. The same act of the Privy Council commended the abolition of Gaelic.
• December 18 - A widely reported earthquake in Leipzig, Germany. (Date is often given as December 22.)"A Basic European Earthquake Catalogue and a Database for the evaluation of long-term seismicity and seismic hazard" (BEECD). URL: http://emidius.mi.ingv.it/BEECD/app/app_E.pdf. (retrieved March 5, 2008)
• December 22 - An Indian youth, called one of the "the first fruits of India," was baptized with the name "Peter" in London at the St. Dionis Backchurch, in a ceremony attended by the Lord Mayor, the Privy Council, city aldermen, and officials of the East India Company. Peter thus became the first convert to the Anglican Church in England. He returned to India as a missionary, schooled in English and Latin.Rozina Visram. Asians in Britain: 400 Years of History. Pluto Press. 504 pp. (ISBN-10: 0745313736)
• December 25 - “Father Christmas” was a main character of the Christmas masque written by Ben Jonson and presented at the court of King James I. Father Christmas was considered a papist symbol by Puritans and was later banished from England until the Restoration of Charles II shortly after Oliver Cromwell\'s death. The traditional, comical costume for this jolly figure, as well as regional names, leaves little doubt that he is descended from the presenter of the medieval Feast of Fools. Ben Jonson received a royal pension of 100 marks in 1616, causing some historians to identify him as England\'s first Poet Laureate, even though John Fletcher was no doubt more popular.

Undated

• The Uskok War occurs between the Austrians and Spanish (Hapsburg Empire) on one side and the Venetians, Dutch. and English on the other. An Austro-Turkish treaty was signed in Belgrade under which the Austrians were granted the right to navigate the middle and lower Danube River by the Ottoman Empire.
• Peace treaty signed between Holand and Portugal. Spain was the common enemy.
• Collegium Musicum is founded in Prague.
• Physician Aleixo de Abreu was granted a pension of 16,000 reis for services to the crown in Angola and Brazil by Philip III of Portugal, who also appointed him physician of his chamber.
• Ngawang Namgyal arrives in Bhutan, having escaped Tibet.
• The Swiss Guard is appointed part of the household guard of King Louis XIII of France.
• Week-long festivities in honor of the Prince of Urbano, of the Barbarini family, in Florence, Italy.From an etching in the Guerre de Beauté, a series of six etchings depicting a celebration which took place in Florence in the year 1616 in honor of the

prince of Urbino.

• Constantinople\'s Sultan Ahmed Mosque (also known as the Blue Mosque) is completed during the rule of Ahmed I.
• Nurhaci declares himself khan (emperor) of China and founds the Later Jin Dynasty.
• Manchurian leader Qing Tai Zu crowns himself king.
• Tokugawa Ieyasu dies and is replaced by his xenophobic son Tokugawa Hidetada, and Japan moves towards the "Sakoku" policy of isolation.
• Journey of Richard Steel and John Crowther, from Ajmeer in Mogul India, to Ispahan in Persia, in 1615 and 1616.
• Captain John Smith (1580-1631) publishes his book “A description of New England” in London. Smith relates one voyage to the coast of Massachusetts and Maine, in 1614, and an attempted voyage the following year (1615) when he was captured by French pirates and detained for several months escaping.
• The New England Indian smallpox epidemic of 1616-1619 begins to depopulate the region, killing an estimated 90% of costal native people.Timothy Bratton. 1988. Identity of the New England Indian Epidemic of 1616-1619. Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 62(3): 352-383.
• In London and neighboring towns, an epidemic of louse-borne typhus ravaged the poor, crowded English. Lack of bathing encouraged body lice that, when scratched, would defecate on the skin where a minor cut or sore could serve as an entry portal for the typhus infected feces to enter the bloodstream, leading to high fever, delirium, and gangrenous sores.
• At the behest of Sir Ferdinando Gorges, Dr. Richard Vines, a physician, passed the winter of 1616—17 at Biddeford, Maine, at the mouth of the Saco River, that he called Winter Harbor. This is the site of the earliest permanent settlement in Maine of which we have a conclusive record. Maine was to become an important refuge for religious dissenters persecuted by Puritans.
• In Spanish Florida, the Cofa Mission at the mouth of the Suwannee River disappeared.
• The first African slaves were brought to Bermuda, an English colony, by Captain George Bargrave to dive for pearls because of their reputed skill in pearl-diving. Harvesting pearls off the coast it proved unsuccessful, and the slaves were put to work planting and harvesting the initial large crops of tobacco and sugar cane.Virginia Bernhard. 1999. Slaves and Slaveholders in Bermuda, 1616-1782. Columbia, University of Missouri Press. (At the same time, the freedom-loving English refused to purchase Brazilian sugar because it was produced by slave labor.Sidney W. Mintz. 1986. Sweetness and Power: The Place of Sugar in Modern History.)
• William Baffin is held at bay from finding the Northwest Passage to China.
• Thomas Middleton writes “The Witch”, a tragicomedy that may have entered into the present-day text of Shakespeare\'s “Macbeth.”
• With much legal strife and the encouragement of Sir Francis Bacon, Chief Justice Edward Coke is dismissed from the King\'s Bench and the royal prerogatives of King James I triumph over English common law.
• English dramatist Thomas Dekker was imprisoned in the King\'s Bench Prison because of a debt of 40 ₤ to the father of John Webster, from 1612 to 1619. In prison he continued to write.
• Saint Ambrose Edward Barlow, recently graduated from the College of Saint Gregory, Douai, France, and the Royal College of Saint Alban in Valladolid, Spain, entered the Benedictine Order. In 1641 he was hanged, drawn and quartered in Lancaster, England, for preaching.
• Italian natural philosopher Giulio Cesare Vanini published a radically heterodox book in France after his English interlude "De admirandis naturae reginae deaeque mortalium arcanis," for which he was condemned and forced to flee Paris. For his opinion that the world is eternal and governed by immanent laws, as expressed in this book, he was executed in 1619.
• Francesco Albani painted ceiling frescoes of Apollo and the Seasons at the Palazzo Verospi in Via del Corso for Cardinal Fabrizio Verospi. Italy still houses most of the Renaisance artwork of Europe.
• In the aftermath of the 1613-1614 anti-Jewish pogrom called the Fettmilch Uprising, in Frankfurt, Germany, mob leader Vincenz Fettmilch was beheaded, but the Jews, who had been expelled from the city on August 23, 1614, following the plundering of the Judengasse, were only able to return in February 1616 as a result of direct intervention by Holy Roman Emperor Matthias. After long negotiations, the Jews were left without any compensation for their plundered belongings.
• Publication of Elizabethan polymath and alchemist Robert Fludd\'s Apologia. Fludd has become a cult figure, being linked with Rosicrucians and the Family of Love, without any historical evidence.
• John Cotta writes his influential book “The Triall of Witch-craft.”
• Witch-hunting goes on. Elizabeth Rutter is hanged as a witch in Middlesex, England. Orkney witch Elspeth Reoch is tried, and Agnes Berrye is hanged as a witch in Enfield, England. In France Leger (first name unknown) was condemmned for witchcraft on May 6, and Sylvanie de la Plaine was burned at Pays de Labourde as a witch. In Orleans, France, 18 witches are killed.
• A second witch craze breaks out in Vizcaya. An Edict of Silence was issued by the Inquisition, but the king overturned the Edict and 300 accused witches were burned alive.
• The Leicester witch trial, in which nine women were hanged on the testimony of a raving 13-year old boy named John Smith, was held under the 1604 Witchcraft Statute of King James I.Source: Robbins, Russell Hope. The Encyclopedia of Witchcraft and Demonology. New York: Bonanza Books, 1959. This bill was supported by some of the most able and learned men in England, including the Earl of Northumberland, the Bishop of Lincoln, the Chief Justice of the Court of Common Pleas, the Attorney General, the Chief Baron of the Exchequer, and the Chief Justice of the King\'s Bench.
• Witch trial of in-keeper Harmonia Applegate, who was arrested on February 20, for poisoning 32 of her guests over the course of 12 years. When questioned, Applegate gave excuses ranging from non-payment of debt to offence at guests\' body odour.
• "The Scornful Lady," a comedy stage play written by Francis Beaumont and John Fletcher, is published.
• "Drink to me only with thine eyes" comes from Ben Jonson\'s love poem, "To Celia". Ben Jonson\'s poetic lamentation “On my first Sonne” is also from this year.
• Ben Jonson\'s witty and satirical play The Devil Is an Ass, a comedy in five acts is produced at Blackfriars Theatre by the King\'s Men, in October or November. The play pokes fun at credence in witchcraft and Middlesex juries. It was published in 1631.
• Francis de Sales\' literary masterpiece Treatise on the Love of God was published, while he was Bishop of Geneva.
• Gibbon\'s anthem See, the Word is Incarnate is written.
• Tommaso Campanella’s book “In Defence of Galileo”, is written.
• In Tunis, Tunisia, the mosque of Youssef Deyis is built. Today it has an octagonal minaret crowned with a miniature green-tiled pyramid for a roof.
• Italian naturalist Fabio Colonna stated that "tongue stones" (glossopetrae) were shark teeth in his treatis "De glossopetris dissertatio".
• Important English dictionary published by Dr. John Bullokar with the title "An English Expositour teaching the Interpretation of the hardest Words used in our Language with sundry Explications, Descriptions and Discourses".
• Scot John Napier\'s "A Description of the Admirable Table of Logarithms" is published, a great boon to mathematics. The decimal point made its first appearance in Napier\'s book "Descriptio." Astronomer Johannes Kepler soon thereafter began to employ logarithms in his description of the solar system.
• English mathematician Henry Briggs goes to Edinburgh to show John Napier his efficient method of finding logarithms by the continued extraction of square roots. (Unfortunately, Napier died in April, 1617.)
• Moralist writer John Deacon published a quarto entitled "Tobacco Tortured in the Filthy Fumes of Tobacco Refined." (Even King James I wrote against this fad.) Deacon wrote the same year that syphilis was a "Turkished," "Spanished", or "Frenchized" disease that the English contracted by "trafficking with the contagious courruptions."
• Human deformities are seen as producing monsters. Italian Fortunio Liceti published his book "De monstrorum natura caussis et differentiis" ("On the nature, causes and differences of monsters").
• The development of the thoroughbred horse was greatly encouraged by the appointment to the court of King James I of courtier George Villiers as Master of the Horse in January.
• Dutch traders smuggle the coffee plant out of Mocha, a port in Yemen on the Red Sea, and cultivate it at the Amsterdam Botanical Gardens. Dutch later introduce Mocha coffee to Java.
• Mohammad Baqer Majlesi, known as “Allameh Majlesi" was born in the city of Isfahan.
• The Tepehuán Revolt in Nueva Vizcaya tests the limits of Spanish and Jesuit colonialism in western and northwestern Durango and southern Chihuahua, Mexico.
• Fort San Diego in Acapulco Bay, Mexico, was completed by the Spanish as a defence against their erstwhile vassals, the Dutch.Engel Sluiter. 1949. The Fortification of Acapulco, 1615-1616. The Hispanic American Historical Review, Vol. 29, No. 1, pp. 69-80. Today the fort houses the Acapulco Historical Museum.
• Anti-Christian persecutions in Nanking, China, and Nagasaki, Japan. The Jesuit-lead Christian community in Japan at this time was over 3000,000 strong.
• John Speed publishes his Atlas of England.
• Master seafarer Henry Mainwaring (1587-1653), Oxford graduate and lawyer turned successful Newfoundland pirate, returns to England, is pardoned after rescuing a Newfoundland trading fleet near Gibraltar, and writes a revealing treatise on piracy. He was knighted and later became Vice-Admiral and Chancellor of Ireland under Kings James I and Charles I, before being exiled to France for being on the losing side of the English Civil War. In his book, he advises the King against granting pardons to pirates.Patrick Pringle. 2001. Jolly Roger. Dover (ISBN 0486418235)
• John Donne was appointed as Reader in Divinity at his old inn of court, Lincoln\'s Inn in October.
• First Thai embassy to Japan arrives.
• In the Edo Era of Japan, Hideyori\'s forces were defeated during the Summer Battle of 1616, he committed suicide, and the house Toyotomi was ended.
• William Harvey gave his views on the circulation of blood as Lumleian Lecturer at the College of Physicians at Cambridge University. It was not until 1628 that he gave his views in print.
• The Dutch establish their colony of Essequibo in the region of the Essequibo River in northern South America (present-day Guyana) for sugar and tobacco production. The colony was protected by the Kyk-Over-Al fort, now in ruins. The Dutch also map the Delaware River in North America.
• Ottoman Empire attempts landings at the shoreline between Cadiz and Lisbon.
• Croatian mathematician Faustus Verantius publishes his book "Machinae novae," a book of mechanical and technological inventions, some of which are applicable to the solutions of hydrological problems, and others concern the construction of clepsydras, sundials, mills, presses, and bridges, and boats for widely different uses.
• Pierre Vernier employed, with his father, in making fine-scale maps of France (Franche-Comté area).
• Danish natural philosopher Ole Worm collects materials that will later be incorporated into his museum in Copenhagen. His museum was the nucleus of the University of Copenhagen\'s Zoological Museum.
• Italian artist Guido Reni executes his famous "Pietà," on commission from the Senate of Bologna and placed on the greater altar of the church of Santa Maria della Pietà on November 13.
• A fatal disease of cattle, probably rinderpest, spread through the Italian provinces of Padua, Udine, Treviso, and Vicenza, introduced most likely from Dalmatia or Hungary. Great numbers of cattle died in Italy, as they had in previous years (1559, 1562, 1566, 1590, 1598) in other European regions when harvest failure also drove people to the brink of starvation (for example, 1595-1597 in Germany). The consumption of beef and veal was prohibited, and Pope Paul V issued an edict prohibiting the slaughter of draught oxen that were suitable for plowing. Calves were also not slaughtered for a some time afterwards, so that Italy\'s cattle herds could be replenished.Clive A. Spinage. 2003. Cattle plague: a history. New York: Springer. ISBN 0306477890.
• Gustavus Adolphus (1611-1632) was trained, since childhood, to become the Swedish king. During this year, at age 5, he began to accompany the army on campaigns. In 1630 he would invade Germany to fulfill his victorious and fatal role in the Thirty Years War (1618-1648).
• Isaac Beeckman (1588-1637), Dutch intellectual and friend of René Decartes, had his own candle factory in Zierikzee, Netherlands, until 1616, when he returned to Middelburg to study medicine. In 1618, he took his degree at the French university of Caen, with the defence of his Theses de febre tertiana intermittente. His notebooks, unfortunately not fully published until the 20th century, reveal a coherent mechanical philosophy of nature with incipient atomism, a force of inertia, and mathematical interpretations of natural philosophy are present.K. van Berkel. 1983. Isaac Beeckman (1588-1637) en de mechanisering van het wereldbeeld. Amsterdam. (An English edition is forthcoming.)
• In Sardinia the Faculty of Medicine and Surgury of the University of Sassari is founded.
• Gian Lorenzo Bernini (1598-1680) sculpts Bacchanal: A Faun Teased by Children, at the age of 18 years. This work is now in New York, at the Metropolitan Museum of Art.
• The States of Holland set up a commission to advise them on the problem of Jewish residency and worship. One of the members of the commission was Hugo Grotius (Hugo de Groot), a highly regarded jurist and one of the most important political thinkers of his day.
• Frans Hals, artist, painted his well-known The Banquet of the Officers of the St George Militia Company.
• A slave ship carried smallpox from the "Kongo" to Salvador, Brazil.Henry F. Dobyns. 1993. Disease Transfer at Contact. Annual Review of Anthropology, 22: 273-291.

Ongoing

Wars

• Moldavian Magnate Wars (1593-1617)
• Russo–Polish War (1609–1618)
• Ingrian War (1610–1617)
• War of Kalmar (1611–1613)

Social Unrest

• The witch-hunting craze in Europe reached its height between 1560 and 1660, with mainly Jesuits leading the prosecution of women and social outcasts.
• Anti-semitism

Exploration and Colonization

• European imperialism and expansion, whether for colonial, military, religious, or commercial reasons, is aimed at the New World, Asia, Africa, Australia, and Oceania. The main European players in this game are Spain, England, Netherlands, Portugal, France, Venice, and Genoa.

Climate

• Little Ice Age may not have been global but leads to harvest failures in Europe.

Religion

• Counter-reformation in the Roman Catholic Church could not turn back the clock.
• Protestantism fragmented into numerous sects, including Puritanism in England.

Births

1616 in other calendars

Gregorian calendar	1616 MDCXVI
Ab urbe condita	2369
Armenian calendar	1065 ԹՎ ՌԿԵ
Bahá\'í calendar	-228 – -227
Berber calendar	2566
Buddhist calendar	2160
Burmese calendar	978
Chinese calendar	4252/4312-11-13 (乙卯年十一月十三日) — to — 4253/4313-11-23 (丙辰年十一月廿三日)
Coptic calendar	1332 – 1333
Ethiopian calendar	1608 – 1609
Hebrew calendar	5376 – 5377
Hindu calendars
- Vikram Samvat	1671 – 1672
- Shaka Samvat	1538 – 1539
- Kali Yuga	4717 – 4718
Holocene calendar	11616
Iranian calendar	994 – 995
Islamic calendar	1024 – 1025
Japanese calendar	Genna 2 (元和2年)
- Imperial Year	Kōki 2276 (皇紀2276年)
Korean calendar	3949
Thai solar calendar	2159
v • d • e

• January 13 - Antoinette Bourignon, Flemish mystic (died 1680)
• January 16 - François de Vendôme, duc de Beaufort, French soldier (died 1669)
• January 20 - Jerzy Sebastian Lubomirski, Polish noble (szlachcic) (died 1667)
• January 23 - Ralph Josselin, English clergyman (died 1683)
• January 27 - Christen Aagaard, Danish poet (died 1664)
• January 30 - William Sancroft, Archbishop of Canterbury (died 1693)
• February 2 - Sébastien Bourdon, French painter and engraver (died 1671)
• April 24 - Gustav, Count of Vasaborg, illegitimate son of King Gustavus Adolphus (Gustav II Adolf) and his mistress Margareta Slots (died 1653)
• May 16 - Archibald Primrose, Lord Carrington, Scottish judge (died 1679)
• May 18 - Johann Jakob Froberger, German composer (died 1667)
• May 24 - John Maitland, 1st Duke of Lauderdale, (died 1682)
• May 25 - Carlo Dolci, Italian artist (died 1686)
• June - John Thurloe, spymaster for Oliver Cromwell (died 1668)
• June 23 - Shah Shuja, second son of Shah Jahan and Mumtaz Mahal (died 1660)
• June 24 - Ferdinand Bol, Dutch artist (died 1680)
• August - William Russell, 1st Duke of Bedford, British peer and soldier (died 1700)
• October 11 - Andreas Gryphius, German writer (died 1664)
• October 18 - Nicholas Culpeper, English botanist (died 1654)
• October 20 - Thomas Bartholin, Danish physician, mathematician, and theologian (died 1680)
• November 23 - John Wallis, English mathematician, (died 1703)
• December 17 - Roger L\'Estrange, English pamphleteer and author (died 1704)
• date unknown
  • Charles Albanel, French missionary (died 1696)
  • Henry Bard, 1st Viscount Bellomont, English Royalist (died 1656)
  • Jan Kazimierz Chodkiewicz, Polish nobleman (szlachcic) (died 1660)
  • William Hamilton, 2nd Duke of Hamilton, Scottish nobleman (died 1651)
  • William Holder, English music theorist (died 1698)
  • Kamalakara, Indian astronomer and mathematician (died 1700)
  • Johann Klaj, German poet (died 1656)
  • John Leverett, colonial magistrate (died 1679)
  • Sokuhi Nyoitsu, Buddhist monk (died 1671)
  • John Owen, Nonconformist church leader and theologian (died 1683)
  • Edward Sexby, English Puritan soldier and Leveller (died 1658)
  • Obadiah Walker, Master of University College, Oxford (died 1699)
• probable
  • Caesar van Everdingen, older brother of Allart van Everdingen (died 1678)
  • Louise de La Fayette, daughter of John, comte de La Fayette (died 1665)
  • Matthias Weckmann, North German musician and composer (died 1674)

See also Category:1616 births.

Deaths

• January 5 - Simeon Bekbulatovich, khan of the Qasim Tatars, Grand Duke of Muscovy and Tver
• January 6 - Philip Henslowe, English theatre manager (born 1550)
• February - Johannes van den Driesche, Protestant divine (born 1550)
• February 13 - Anders Sørensen Vedel, priest and historian (born 1542)
• February 28 - Mikołaj Krzysztof "the Orphan" Radziwiłł, Polish-Lithuanian noble (szlachcic) (born 1549)
• March 3 - Matthias de Lobel, physician of James I (born 1538)
• March 6 - Francis Beaumont, dramatist in the English Renaissance theatre (born 1584)
• March 8 - Maria Anna of Bavaria, daughter of William V, Duke of Bavaria and Renata von Lothringen (born 1574)
• March 31 - John Adolf, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp (born 1575)
• April 16 - Juan de Silva, Spanish military commander and governor of the Philippines
• April 23
  • (O.S., Tuesday) - William Shakespeare, English playwright and poet (born 1564)
  • (N.S., Saturday) - Miguel de Cervantes, Spanish author (born 1547)
  • (Inca date unknown) - Inca Garcilaso de la Vega died
• June 1 - Tokugawa Ieyasu, Japanese shogun (born 1543)
• June 4 - Adam Hieronim Sieniawski, Polish noble (born 1576)
• June 12 - Kuzma Minin, merchant from Nizhny Novgorod
• July 20
  • Honda Masanobu, commander and daimyo (born 1538)
  • Hugh O\'Neill, 2nd Earl of Tyrone, Irish soldier (born c1540) (born 1540)
• July 25 - Andreas Libavius, German physician and chemist (born 1555)
• July 29 - Tang Xianzu, Chinese playwright and poet (born 1550)
• August 7
  • Scipione Gentili, law professor and legal writer (born 1563)
  • Vincenzo Scamozzi, Italian architect (born 1548)
• October 11 - Aleksander Józef Lisowski, Polish noble (szlachcic) (born 1580)
• October 17 - John Pitts, Catholic scholar and writer (born 1560)
• October 21 - Sakazaki Naomori, daimyo
• October 23 - Leonhard Hutter, German theologian (born 1563)
• November 23 - Richard Hakluyt, English author, editor and translator (born c.1552)
• December 22 - Jacob Le Maire, Dutch mariner (born 1585)
• December 31 - Jan Szczęsny Herburt, Polish political writer (born 1567)
• date unknown
  • Matteo Perez d\'Aleccio, Italian painter (born 1547)
  • Shimozuma Chuko, monk of the Hongan-ji (born 1551)
  • Yonten Gyatso, 4th Dalai Lama, (born 1589)
  • Meir Lublin, Polish rabbi (born 1558)
  • Henry Robinson, English bishop (born 1553)
• probable
  • Hendrick Christiaensen, Dutch explorer
  • Krzysztof Klabon, Polish Renaissance composer (born 1550)
  • Alexander Whitaker, Virginia Colony religious leader (born 1585)

See also Category:1616 deaths.

References

Further reading

Anne Clifford (Author), Katherine O. Acheson (Editor). 2006. The Memoir of 1603 and The Diary of 1616-19. New York: Broadview Press. ISBN 1551113392 (see also: Google Books URL: http://books.google.com.br/books?id=9qsAos0O_-QC&hl=en )

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