18th_century

Millennium:	2nd millennium
Centuries:	17th century · 18th century · 19th century
Decades:	1700s 1710s 1720s 1730s 1740s 1750s 1760s 1770s 1780s 1790s
Categories:	Births – Deaths Establishments – Disestablishments

The 18th century lasted from 1701 through 1800 in the Gregorian calendar, in accordance with the Anno Domini era numbering system.

Historians sometimes specifically define the 18th century otherwise for the purposes of their work. For example the "short" 18th century may be defined as 1715-1789, denoting the period of time between the death of Louis XIV of France and the start of the French Revolution,Anderson, M. S. (1979). Historians and the Eighteenth-Century Europe, 1715–1789. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0198225482. Ribeiro, Aileen (2002). Dress in Eighteenth-Century Europe 1715-1789 (revised edition). Yale University Press. ISBN 0300091516.  while the "long" 18th century may run from the Glorious Revolution of 1688 to the battle of Waterloo in 1815Marshall, P. J. (Editor) (2001). The Oxford History of the British Empire: Volume II: The Eighteenth Century (Oxford History of the British Empire). Oxford University Press, USA. ISBN 0199246777. , "Introduction" by P. J. Marshall, page 1 or even later.O\'Gorman, Frank (1997). The Long Eighteenth Century: British Political and Social History 1688-1832 (The Arnold History of Britain Series). A Hodder Arnold Publication. ISBN 0340567511. 

The storming of the Bastille, July 14, 1789, an iconic event of the French Revolution.

Contents 1 Events 1.1 1700s 1.2 1710s 1.3 1720s 1.4 1730s 1.5 1740s 1.6 1750s 1.7 1760s 1.8 1770s 1.9 1780s 1.10 1790s 2 Significant people 3 Inventions, discoveries, introductions 4 References 5 Decades and years

Events

1700s

John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough, English general

• 1700-21: Russia supplants Sweden as the dominant Baltic power after the Great Northern War.
• 1701-1714: War of the Spanish Succession was a conflict which involved most of Europe.War of the Spanish Succession, 1701-1714
• 1702-1715: Camisard Rebellion in France.
• 1703: Saint Petersburg founded by Peter the Great. Russian capital until 1918.
• 1703-1711: The Rákóczi Uprising against the Habsburg Monarchy.
• 1707: Act of Union passed merging the Scottish and the English Parliaments, thus establishing The Kingdom of Great Britain.The history of Scotland - The Act of Union 1707
• 1707: After Aurangzeb\'s death, the Mughal Empire enters a long decline.
• 1708-1709: Famine killed one-third of East Prussia\'s population.

1710s

• 1715: First Jacobite Rebellion breaks out
• 1715: Louis XIV died leaving France deep in debt.
• 1718: City of New Orleans founded by the French in North America
• 1718: Blackbeard is killed by Robert Maynard in a North Carolina inlet on the inner side of Ocracoke Island

1720s

• 1720: The South Sea Bubble
• 1720-1721: The Great Plague of Marseille
• 1721: Robert Walpole became the first Prime Minister of Great Britain (de facto).
• 1721: Treaty of Nystad signed, ending the Great Northern War.
• 1722-23: Russo-Persian War
• 1722: Afghans conquered Iran, ending the Safavid dynasty.
• 1722: Kangxi Emperor of China died.
• 1722: Bartholomew Roberts is killed in a sea battle off the African coast.
• 1723: Slavery abolished in Russia. Peter the Great converted the household slaves into house serfs.Welcome to Encyclopædia Britannica\'s Guide to History
• 1723-1730: The "Great Disaster" - an invasion of Kazakh territories by the Dzungars.
• 1725: The Fulani nomads took complete control of Fuuta Jallon and set up the first of many Fulani jihad states to come.Usman dan Fodio (Fulani leader)
• 1726: The enormous Chinese encyclopedia Gujin Tushu Jicheng of over 100 million written Chinese characters in over 800,000 pages is printed in 60 different copies using copper-based Chinese movable type printing.

1730s

Qianlong Emperor

• 1732-1734: Crimean Tatar raids into Russia.List of Wars of the Crimean Tatars
• 1733-38: War of the Polish Succession.
• 1735-39: Russo-Turkish War.
• 1735-99: The Qianlong Emperor of China oversaw a huge expansion in territory.
• 1736: Nadir Shah assumed title of Shah of Persia and founded the Afsharid dynasty. Ruled until his death in 1747.
• 1736: Qing Dynasty Chinese court painters recreate Zhang Zeduan\'s classic panoramic painting, Along the River During Qingming Festival.
• 1738-1756: Famine across the Sahel, half the population of Timbuktu died.Len Milich: Anthropogenic Desertification vs ‘Natural’ Climate Trends
• 1739: Nadir Shah defeated the Mughals and sacked Delhi.

1740s

• 1740: Frederick the Great comes to power in Prussia.
• 1740-1741: Famine in Ireland killed ten per cent of the population.
• 1740-48: War of the Austrian Succession
• 1741: Russians began settling the Aleutian Islands.
• 1744: The First Saudi State is founded by Mohammed Ibn Saud.Saudi Arabia - The Saud Family and Wahhabi Islam
• 1745: Second Jacobite Rebellion began in Scotland.
• 1747: Ahmed Shah Durrani founded the Durrani Empire in modern day Afghanistan.

1750s

• 1750: Peak of the Little Ice Age
• 1755: The Lisbon earthquake
• 1756-63: Seven Years\' War fought among European powers in various theaters around the world.
• 1757: Battle of Plassey signaled the beginning of British rule in India.

Frederick II the Great, King of Prussia.

1760s

• 1760: George III became King of Britain.
• 1762-96: Reign of Catherine the Great of Russia.
• 1766-99: Anglo-Mysore Wars
• 1767: Burmese conquered the Ayutthaya kingdom.
• 1768: Gurkhas conquered Nepal.
• 1768-1774: Russo-Turkish War
• 1769: Spanish missionaries established the first of 21 missions in California.
• 1769-73: The Bengal famine of 1770 killed one third of the Bengal population.

1770s

• 1770-1771: Famine in Czech lands killed hundreds of thousands.
• 1771: The Plague Riot in Moscow.
• 1772-1795: The Partitions of Poland ended the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and erased Poland from the map for 123 years.
• 1772: Gustav III of Sweden stages a coup d\'état and takes big political power, becoming almost an absolute monarch.
• 1773-1775: The Pugachev\'s Rebellion was the largest peasant revolt in Russia\'s history.
• 1775 John Harrison H4 and Larcum Kendall K1 Marine chronometers are used to measure longitude by James Cook on his Second voyage (1772-1775)
• 1775-1782: First Anglo-Maratha War
• 1775-1783: American Revolutionary War
• 1779-1879: Xhosa Wars between British and Boer settlers and the Xhosas in South African Republic

Scottish engineer and inventor James Watt.

1780s

• 1781: Spanish settlers founded Los Angeles.
• 1781-1785: Serfdom abolished in the Austrian monarchy (first step; second step in 1848)
• 1783: Famine in Iceland caused by Laki (volcano) eruption.
• 1783: Russian Empire annexed the Crimean Khanate.
• 1785-1791: Imam Sheikh Mansur, a Chechen warrior and Muslim mystic, led a coalition of Muslim Caucasian tribes from throughout the Caucasus in a holy war against the Russian invaders.Sufism in the Caucasus
• 1785-95: Northwest Indian War between the United States and Native Americans
• 1787: Freed slaves from London founded Freetown in present-day Sierra Leone.
• 1787-1792: Russo-Turkish War
• 1788: First European settlement established in Australia at Sydney.
• 1789: George Washington elected President of the United States. Served until 1797.
• 1789-99: The French Revolution

1790s

• 1791-1804: The Haitian Revolution
• 1792-1815: The Great French War started as the French Revolutionary Wars which lead into the Napoleonic Wars.
• 1792: New York Stock & Exchange Board founded.
• 1793: Upper Canada bans slavery.
• 1793: The largest yellow fever epidemic in American history killed as many as 5,000 people in Philadelphia—roughly 10% of the population.Yellow Fever Attacks Philadelphia, 1793. EyeWitness to History. Retrieved on 2007-06-22.
• 1793-1796: Revolt in the Vendée against the French Republic at the time of the Revolution.
• 1794: Polish revolt
• 1795: Pinckney\'s Treaty between the United States and Spain granted the Mississippi Territory to the US.
• 1795: The Marseillaise officially adopted as the French national anthem.
• 1795: Kamehameha I of the Island of Hawaii defeats the Oahuans at the Battle of Nu\'uanu.Kamehameha I of Hawaii Biography

  

  

  The Battle of New Ross took place in Ireland, during the Irish Rebellion of 1798.

• 1796: Edward Jenner administers the first smallpox vaccination. Smallpox killed an estimated 400,000 Europeans each year during the 18th century (including five reigning monarchs).Riedel S (2005). "Edward Jenner and the history of smallpox and vaccination". Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent) 18 (1): 21–5. PMID 16200144. 
• 1796: Battle of Montenotte. Engagement in the War of the First Coalition. Napoleon Bonaparte\'s first victory as an army commander.
• 1796: British ejected Dutch from Ceylon.
• 1796-1804: The White Lotus Rebellion against the Manchu Dynasty in China.
• 1797: Napoleon\'s invasion and partition of the Republic of Venice ended over 1,000 years of independence for the Serene Republic.
• 1798: The Irish Rebellion failed to overthrow British rule in Ireland.
• 1798-1800: Quasi-War between the United States and France.
• 1799: Napoleon staged a coup d\'état and became dictator of France.
• 1799: Dutch East India Company is dissolved.
• 1799: The assassination of the 14th Tu\'i Kanokupolu, Tukuʻaho, plunges Tonga into half a century of civil war.

Significant people

Johann Sebastian Bach

• Maria Gaetana Agnesi, Italian mathematicianPorter, Roy (Editor) (2003). The Cambridge History of Science, Volume 4: The Eighteenth Century (The Cambridge History of Science). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521572436. , "The Philosopher\'s Beard: Women and Gender in Science" by Londra Schiebinger, pages 184-210
• Ahmad Shah Abdali, Afghan King
• Ueda Akinari, Japanese writer
• Tomaso Albinoni, Italian composer
• Jean le Rond d\'Alembert, French mathematician, physicist and encyclopedist
• Queen Anne, British monarch
• Aurangzeb, Mughal Emperor
• Johann Sebastian Bach, German composer
• Laura Bassi, Italian scientist, the first European female college teacher
• George Berkeley, Irish empiricist philosopher
• Pierre Beaumarchais, French writer
• Jeremy Bentham, English philosopher and reformer
• Daniel Bernoulli, Swiss mathematician and physicist
• William Blake, English artist and poet
• François Boucher, French painter
• Edmund Burke, British statesman and philosopher
• Robert Burns, Scottish poet
• Giacomo Casanova, Venetian adventurer, writer and womanizer
• Catherine the Great, Russian Tsaritsa

Edward Jenner

• Cao Xueqin, Chinese writer
• Charles III of Spain, Spanish monarch
• Alexis Clairault, French mathematician
• James Cook, British navigator
• François Couperin, French composer
• Georges Danton, French revolutionary leader
• Denis Diderot, French writer and philosopher
• Eugenio Espejo, Ecuadorian scientist
• Leonhard Euler, Swiss mathematician
• Henry Fielding British novelist
• Jean-Honoré Fragonard, French painter
• Benjamin Franklin, American scientist and statesman
• Frederick the Great, Prussian monarch
• Thomas Gainsborough, English painter
• Carl Friedrich Gauss, German mathematician, physicist and astronomer
• King George III, British monarch
• Christoph Willibald Gluck, German composer
• Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, German writer
• Francisco de Goya, Spanish painter
• Francesco Geminiani, Italian violinist, composer, and music theorist.
• George Frideric Handel, German-English composer

Samuel Johnson

• Alexander Hamilton, American statesman
• Joseph Haydn, Austrian composer
• Eliza Haywood, English writer
• William Hogarth, English painter and engraver
• David Hume, Scottish philosopher
• Thomas Jefferson, American statesman
• Edward Jenner, English inventor of vaccination
• Jiang Tingxi, Chinese artist and scholar
• Samuel Johnson, British writer and literary critic
• John Paul Jones, American naval commander
• Joseph II, Austrian Emperor
• Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos, Spanish writer
• Kangxi Emperor, China
• Immanuel Kant, German philosopher
• Pierre Choderlos de Laclos, French writer
• Joseph Louis Lagrange, Italian-French mathematician and physicist
• Pierre Simon Laplace, French physicist and mathematician
• John Law, Scottish economist
• Mikhail Lomonosov, Russian scientist
• Antoine Lavoisier, French chemist
• Adrien-Marie Legendre, French mathematician
• Alphonsus Liguori, Italian bishop, founder of Redemptorists, Saint
• Carolus Linnaeus (Carl von Linné), Swedish biologist

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

• Louis XV of France, French monarch
• Louis XVI of France, French monarch
• James Madison, American statesman
• Alessandro Malaspina, Spanish explorer
• Maria Theresa of Austria, Austrian Empress
• Marie Antoinette, Austrian-born Queen of France
• Michikinikwa, Miami tribe chief and war leader
• Honoré Mirabeau French writer and politician
• Charles de Secondat, baron de Montesquieu, French thinker
• José Moñino y Redondo, Count of Floridablanca, Spanish statesman
• Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Austrian composer
• Nadir Shah, Persian King
• Thomas Paine, British intellectual
• Peter I of Russia (Peter the Great), Russian Tsar
• Philip V of Spain, Spanish monarch
• Pius VI, Roman Pope
• François-André Danican Philidor, French composer and chess master

Voltaire

• Marquis of Pombal, Portuguese Prime Minister
• Chief Pontiac, Ottawa warrior
• Alexander Pope, British poet
• Qianlong Emperor, China
• Francis II Rákóczi, prince of Hungary and Transylvania, Revolutionary leader
• Jean-Philippe Rameau, French composer
• Bartolomeo Rastrelli, Italian-born Russian architect
• Sir Joshua Reynolds, British painter
• Maximilien Robespierre, French revolutionary leader
• Jean-Jacques Rousseau, French writer and philosopher
• Marquis de Sade, French writer and philosopher
• Domenico Scarlatti, Italian composer.
• Friedrich Schiller, German writer
• John Small, English cricketer
• Adam Smith, Scottish economist and philosopher
• Laurence Sterne, British writer
• Edward "Lumpy" Stevens, English cricketer
• Antonio Stradivari, Italian violin maker
• Alexander Suvorov, Russian military leader
• Emanuel Swedenborg, Swedish scientist, thinker and mystic
• Jonathan Swift, Anglo-Irish satirist
• Toussaint L\'Ouverture, Haitian revolutionary leader

George Washington

• Túpac Amaru II, Peruvian revolutionary
• Antonio de Ulloa, Spanish scientist and explorer
• Kitagawa Utamaro, Japanese printmaker and painter
• Antonio Vivaldi, Italian composer
• Voltaire, French writer and philosopher
• Muhammad ibn Abd al Wahhab, Arab Islamic theologian and founder of Wahhabism
• Robert Walpole, British Prime Minister
• George Washington, American general and first President of USA
• James Watt, Scottish scientist and inventor
• Antoine Watteau, French painter
• John Wesley, British churchman, founder of Methodism
• Mary Wollstonecraft, British writer and feminist
• Yuan Mei, Chinese poet, scholar and artist
• Nikolaus Ludwig von Zinzendorf, German religious writer and bishop
• Katsushika Hokusai, Japanese printmaker and painter.

See Founding Fathers of the United States

Inventions, discoveries, introductions

Main articles: Timeline of invention#18th century and Timeline_of_scientific_discoveries#18th_century

The Spinning Jenny

• 1709: The first piano was built by Bartolomeo Cristofori
• 1712: Steam Engine invented by Thomas Newcomen.
• 1717: The diving bell was successfully tested by Edmond Halley, sustainable to a depth of 55 ft.
• c. 1730: The octant navigational tool was developed by John Hadley in England, and Thomas Godfrey in America
• 1736: Europeans discovered rubber - the discovery was made by Charles-Marie de la Condamine while on expedition in South America. It was named in 1770 by Joseph Priestly
• c. 1740: Modern steel was developed by Benjamin Huntsman
• 1741: Vitus Bering discovered Alaska
• 1745: The Leyden jar invented by Ewald von Kleist was the first electrical capacitor
• 1751 - 1785: The French Encyclopédie
• 1755: The English Dictionary by Samuel Johnson
• 1755: The tallest wooden Bodhisattva statue in the world is erected at Puning Temple, Chengde, China.
• 1764: The Spinning Jenny created by James Hargreaves brought on the Industrial Revolution
• 1765: James Watt enhances Newcomen\'s steam engine, allowing new steel technologies
• 1761: The problem of Longitude was finally resolved by the fourth chronometer of John Harrison
• 1768–1779: James Cook mapped the boundaries of the Pacific Ocean and discovered many Pacific Islands
• 1771: The enormous Putuo Zongcheng Temple complex of Chengde, China is completed
• 1773–1782: The Qing Dynasty huge literary compilation Siku Quanshu
• 1776: The Wealth of Nations, foundation of the modern theory of economy, was published by Adam Smith
• 1779: Photosynthesis was first discovered by Jan Ingenhousz of the Netherlands
• 1798: Edward Jenner publishes a treatise about smallpox vaccination
• 1799: Rosetta stone discovered by Napoleon\'s troops

References

The Chinese Putuo Zongcheng Temple of Chengde, completed in 1771, during the reign of the Qianlong Emperor.

Decades and years

v • d • e Decades and Years

18th century 16th century←17th century← ↔ →19th century→20th century 1690s 1690 1691 1692 1693 1694 1695 1696 1697 1698 1699 1700s 1700 1701 1702 1703 1704 1705 1706 1707 1708 1709 1710s 1710 1711 1712 1713 1714 1715 1716 1717 1718 1719 1720s 1720 1721 1722 1723 1724 1725 1726 1727 1728 1729 1730s 1730 1731 1732 1733 1734 1735 1736 1737 1738 1739 1740s 1740 1741 1742 1743 1744 1745 1746 1747 1748 1749 1750s 1750 1751 1752 1753 1754 1755 1756 1757 1758 1759 1760s 1760 1761 1762 1763 1764 1765 1766 1767 1768 1769 1770s 1770 1771 1772 1773 1774 1775 1776 1777 1778 1779 1780s 1780 1781 1782 1783 1784 1785 1786 1787 1788 1789 1790s 1790 1791 1792 1793 1794 1795 1796 1797 1798 1799 1800s 1800 1801 1802 1803 1804 1805 1806 1807 1808 1809

v • d • e Centuries and millennia
Millennium Century BC 4th 40th 39th 38th 37th 36th 35th 34th 33rd 32nd 31st 3rd 30th 29th 28th 27th 26th 25th 24th 23rd 22nd 21st 2nd 20th 19th 18th 17th 16th 15th 14th 13th 12th 11th 1st 10th 9th 8th 7th 6th 5th 4th 3rd 2nd 1st AD 1st 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 2nd 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th 3rd 21st 22nd 23rd 24th 25th 26th 27th 28th 29th 30th 4th 31st

stq:18. Jierhunnert

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